Global Journal of Economic and Finance Research

The persistent disparity in Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB) prices between Indonesia and Malaysia poses significant implications for smallholder welfare and the sustainability of palm oil production in the world's largest producer. This qualitative literature review examines the magnitude, causal factors, and potential interventions to address the FFB price gap between the two countries. Drawing on recent scholarly literature (2020-2026), industry reports, and policy documents, the study reveals an average price differential of 58.1% favoring Malaysian farmers during 2019-2023, with peak disparities reaching 108.1% during periods of high crude palm oil (CPO) prices. Thematic analysis identifies pricing system differences—specifically, Malaysia's transparent Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) formula versus Indonesia's complex, regionally fragmented K-index system—as the primary explanatory factor, accounting for approximately 53% of the price gap after controlling for oil extraction rate (OER) differentials. Additional contributing factors include infrastructure deficits, weak farmer bargaining power, variations in quality grading systems, and gaps in policy implementation for replanting programs. The study proposes a multi-tiered intervention framework encompassing pricing transparency reforms, institutional strengthening of farmer cooperatives, infrastructure development, streamlined replanting support, and mechanisms to share certification costs. These evidence-based recommendations aim to narrow the price gap while enhancing economic welfare, productive capacity, and long-term sustainability of Indonesian smallholder palm oil farmers. The findings contribute to the discourse on agricultural price policy in developing countries and provide actionable insights for policymakers seeking to balance industry competitiveness with farmer welfare in commodity value chains.

Fresh Fruit Bunch pricing, palm oil smallholders, farmer welfare, price transparency, Indonesia-Malaysia comparison, agricultural policy, value chain distribution, sustainable palm oil, replanting programs, cooperative strengthening

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