Impact of Free Nutritious Lunch Program on Student Well-Being and Learning Achievement in Indonesia: Implementation by 2025

Abstract

This study evaluates the impact of Indonesia’s 2025 Free Nutritious Lunch Program on student well-being and learning outcomes using a mixed-methods approach. Quantitative data were collected through a stratified random sample of urban and rural schools, focusing on changes in student health metrics, attendance rates, and academic performance. Qualitative data were obtained through focus group discussions and interviews with administrators, teachers, and students to contextualize the program's implementation and outcomes. Statistical analyses, including paired sample t-tests and regression analysis, revealed significant improvements in student health, with higher BMI z-scores in both urban (t(99) = 4.56, p<0.001 t(99) = 4.56, p < 0.001 t(99) = 4.56, p<0.001) and rural (t(99) = 3.82, p<0.001 t(99) = 3.82, p < 0.001 t(99) = 3.82, p<0.001) schools. Attendance rates increased significantly, with urban schools achieving a mean of 94.5% compared to 92.7% in rural areas. Academic performance, measured through GPA, also improved significantly (t(99) = 5.01, p<0.001 t(99) = 5.01, p < 0.001t(99) = 5.01, p<0.001), with urban students demonstrating slightly higher gains. Qualitative findings underscored the program’s role in alleviating food insecurity and enhancing student focus, though logistical challenges in rural implementation were noted. These results demonstrate the program’s potential to address educational inequities and improve student outcomes. Policy recommendations include enhancing rural infrastructure, fostering community engagement, and establishing sustainable funding models. This study highlights the strategic importance of school-based nutrition initiatives in advancing health and education equity.